Difference between revisions of "Sound for Interaction class 9"

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* Intro to digital theory
 
* Intro to digital theory
  
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==Digital Theory==
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{{Template:Digital Theory}}
  
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Word of the Day
 
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Analog
 
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How stuff works - How Analog and Digital Recording Works
 
  
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Analog vs. Digital the arguments in a nutshell
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{{Template:Binary Numbers}}
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{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
 
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! Analog !! Digital Good
 
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|-
 
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| Infinite dynamic quantization (infinite resolution)  || Quantization error fix - more bit depth/oversampling
 
−
|-
 
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| Good? - The warming effects 'we're used' to from tape compression. ||Good?-'Perfect' reproduction of high frequencies - 'soundz harsh fix - 'using warm-sounding mikes and preamps (tubes)'
 
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|-
 
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|Bad - Tape noise and generation loss || Good - 'no generation loss'
 
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|-
 
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|Bad - 'Cheap recordings sound cheap' || Good - 'cheap recordings sound good but digital'
 
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|}
 
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* 'anything in quotes is what I like to call an opinion
 
  
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{{Template:Color Depth}}
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Other Opinions
 
  
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analog winner http://www.segall.com/atr.html
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{{Template:Binary Math}}
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analog winner http://www.digido.com/analog_versus_digital.html
 
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comparison http://www.outersound.com/osu/recording/
 
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ana-dig.html
 
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Number Systems
 
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{|  class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
 
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! Hexadecimal Base 16 !! Decimal Base 10 !!  Octal Base 8 !! Binary Base 2
 
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|-
 
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|0 || 0 || 0 || 0000
 
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|-
 
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|1 || 1 || 1 || 0001
 
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|-
 
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|2 || 2 || 2 || 0010
 
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|-
 
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|3 || 3 || 3 || 0011
 
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|-
 
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|4 || 4 || 4 || 0100
 
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|-
 
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|5 || 5 || 5 || 0101
 
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|-
 
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|6 || 6 || 6 || 0110
 
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|-
 
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|7 || 7 || 7 || 0111
 
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|-
 
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|8 || 8 || 10 || 1000
 
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|-
 
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|9 || 9 || 11 || 1001
 
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|-
 
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|A || 10 || 12 || 1010
 
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|-
 
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|B || 11 || 13 || 1011
 
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|-
 
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|C || 12 || 14 || 1100
 
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|-
 
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|D || 13 || 15 || 1101
 
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|-
 
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|E || 14 || 16 || 1110
 
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|-
 
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|F || 15 || 17 || 1111
 
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|}
 
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==Sampling theory==
 
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sampling process [http://www.indiana.edu/~emusic/etext/digital_audio/chapter5_rate2.shtml]
 
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[[Image:AudioDigitizer.png]]
 
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Bit Depth
 
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over 24 bit used mainly for internal processing and really high end audio equipment
 
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24 bit Professional recording and internal processing
 
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16 bit CD quality audio (not so good for processing)
 
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8 bit Smaller size used for consumer voice stuff and multimedia
 
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==Sampling Rates==
 
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Some Common Sampling Rates
 
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{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
 
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! Sampling Rate !! Use
 
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|-
 
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|192kHz
 
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|Professional recording and new fancy sound cards
 
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|-
 
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|96kHz
 
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|Professional recording Modern Sound Cards HDDVD BlueRay SACD etc
 
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|-
 
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|48 kHz
 
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|Professional recording (commonly used for TV/film)
 
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|-
 
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|44.1 kHz
 
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|CD quality Audio
 
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|-
 
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|22 kHz
 
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|Multimedia/ Games
 
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|-
 
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|11 kHz
 
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|Multimedia/ Games
 
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|}
 
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'''File Size per Sampling rate and Bit Depth'''
 
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<table>
 
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<tr><td>Sample Rate</td><td> Bit Width</td><td>File Size per minute</td>
 
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</tr><tr><td>96 kHz</td><td> 24-bit Stereo</td><td> 33.0 MB</td>
 
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</tr><tr><td>44.1 kHz</td><td> 16-bit Stereo</td><td> 10.5 MB</td>
 
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</tr><tr><td>44.1 kHz</td><td> 16-bit Mono</td><td> 5.3 MB</td>
 
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</tr><tr><td>44.1 kHz</td><td> 8-bit Stereo</td><td> 5.3 MB</td>
 
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</tr><tr><td>44.1 kHz</td><td> 8-bit Mono</td><td> 2.6 MB</td>
 
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</tr><tr><td>22 kHz</td><td> 16-bit Stereo</td><td> 5.3 MB</td>
 
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</tr><tr><td>22 kHz</td><td> 16-bit Mono</td><td> 2.6 MB</td>
 
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</tr><tr><td>22 kHz</td><td> 8-bit Stereo</td><td> 2.6 MB</td>
 
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</tr><tr><td>22 kHz</td><td> 8-bit Mono</td><td> 1.3 MB</td>
 
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</tr><tr><td>11 kHz</td><td> 16-bit Stereo</td><td> 2.6 MB</td>
 
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</tr><tr><td>11 kHz</td><td> 16-bit Mono</td><td> 1.3 MB</td>
 
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</tr><tr><td>11 kHz</td><td> 8-bit Stereo</td><td> 1.3 MB</td>
 
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</tr><tr><td>11 kHz</td><td> 8-bit Mono</td><td> 660 KB</td>
 
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</tr></table>
 
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  Note : Dropping the Sampling Rate or Bit Depth by half leads to half the file size
 
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'''File formats'''
 
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{| class="wikitable" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
 
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|-
 
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! name !! ext. !! info
 
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|-
 
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|aiff ||.aif ||audio interchange file format (mac native) supports markers and regions
 
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|-
 
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|sd2 || .sd2|| sound designer 2 (digidesign native) supports markers and regions
 
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|-
 
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|wave || .wav  || wave file (Microsoft) many different formats most support markerz and regions
 
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|-
 
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|au-law  || .au or .aul || au-law file (unix native) supports compression
 
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|-
 
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|RAM || .ram or .ra || Real audio File supports compression and streaming
 
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|-
 
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|Mpeg3 || .mp3 || Mpeg layer 3 supports variable compression and streaming (AMP)
 
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|-
 
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|AAC || .aac || Mpeg2 Advanced Audio Coding AC-3 standard NEW not supported yet http://www.execpc.com/%7Ereal/aac/index.html
 
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|-
 
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|MIDI || .mid || not and audio format
 
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|-
 
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|Modular (MOD) || .mod || kinda an audio format (used mainly for games)
 
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|-
 
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|ASF wmv || .asf .wmv || windows Media and Advanced Streaming Format Microsoft supports variable compression streaming video encryption
 
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|}
 
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'''CD Formats'''
 
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* RedBook Audio standard CD audio format
 
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* CDROM-XA (eXtended Archetecture) audio and data
 
  
 
==HomeWork==
 
==HomeWork==
  
 
Finish [[Sound for Interaction Voice Recording]]
 
Finish [[Sound for Interaction Voice Recording]]

Latest revision as of 03:22, 25 July 2007

  • Audio Effects Presentations
  • Intro to digital theory

Digital Theory

Word of the Day Analog How stuff works - How Analog and Digital Recording Works

Analog vs. Digital the arguments in a nutshell

Analog Digital Good
Infinite dynamic quantization (infinite resolution) Quantization error fix - more bit depth/oversampling
Good? - The warming effects 'we're used' to from tape compression. Good?-'Perfect' reproduction of high frequencies - 'soundz harsh fix - 'using warm-sounding mikes and preamps (tubes)'
Bad - Tape noise and generation loss Good - 'no generation loss'
Bad - 'Cheap recordings sound cheap' Good - 'cheap recordings sound good but digital'

* 'anything in quotes is what I like to call an opinion


Other Opinions

analog winner http://www.segall.com/atr.html

analog winner http://www.digido.com/analog_versus_digital.html

comparison http://www.outersound.com/osu/recording/

ana-dig.html Number Systems

Hexadecimal Base 16 Decimal Base 10 Octal Base 8 Binary Base 2
0 0 0 0000
1 1 1 0001
2 2 2 0010
3 3 3 0011
4 4 4 0100
5 5 5 0101
6 6 6 0110
7 7 7 0111
8 8 10 1000
9 9 11 1001
A 10 12 1010
B 11 13 1011
C 12 14 1100
D 13 15 1101
E 14 16 1110
F 15 17 1111

Binary Numbers

As Humans we use a 10 base numbering system. For machines this numbering system is impractical.

Gottfried Willheml von Leibnitz devised the binary number system in 1679

Converting Binary Numbers

Binary->Decimal 

   110102 = (1 * 24) + (1 * 23) + (0 * 22) + (1 * 21) + (0 * 20) = 1610 + 810 +  0 + 210 + 0 = 2610

Dividing by two

integer remainder binary #
26
26/2 0 0
13/2 1 1 0
6/2 0 0 1 0
3/2 1 1 0 1 0
1/2 1 1 1 0 1 0
0/2 that's it kids

for more info see Dr. Dave's Class readings (i believe it's in week 2)Daves text

Base2


Each new bit doubles the number of intervals.


20 =1 monochrome, often black and white
21 =2
22 =4
23 =8 Most early color Unix workstations, VGA at low resolution, Super VGA, AGA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_colors#Web-safe_colors
24 =16
25 =32
26 =64
27 =128
28 =256
29 =512
210 =1024
2 11 =2048
212 =4096
213 =8192
214 =16384
215 =32768
216 =65536 "thousands of colors" on Macintosh
220 =1048576
224 =16777216 Truecolor or "millions of colors" on Macintosh systems
232 = 4,294,967,295 refers to 24-bit color (Truecolor) with an additional 8 bits
264 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 = 16 exabytes. That's more than 18 billion billion bytes.

Large Bit Names

Name Abbr. Size
Kilo K 2^10 = 1,024
Mega M 2^20 = 1,048,576
Giga G 2^30 = 1,073,741,824
Tera T 2^40 = 1,099,511,627,776
Peta P 2^50 = 1,125,899,906,842,624
Exa E 2^60 = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976
Zetta Z 2^70 = 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424
Yotta Y 2^80 = 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176


Color Depth

1 Bit
2 Bit
4 Bit
8 Bit
16 Bit
32 Bit


Bit Depth Color Examples

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_depth

HomeWork

Finish Sound for Interaction Voice Recording

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