Survey of Sound class 4

Review Sound Properties

There is a good reading and a bunch of supplemental readings in the High School Physics Tutorial

Hold mouse over for answer

1. Which wave (Wave1 or Wave2) has a Lower Frequency?
2. Which wave (Wave1 or Wave2) has a Higher Amplitude?
3. Which wave (Wave1 or Wave2) has a Longer Wavelength?
4. Which wave (Wave1 or Wave2) has a Faster Speed?
5. Which wave (Wave1 or Wave2) has a Higher Pitch?
6. Which wave (Wave1 or Wave2) is Louder?

The Ear and Hearing Loss

The Ear

Outer Ear

• Pinna
• Auditory Canal
• Ear Drum

Inner Ear

• Mallus, Incus, Stapes
• Semi-Circular Canals
• Cochlea
• Eustachian Tube
• Auditory Canal

Hearing Loss

Interference and Beats

adding sound waves

• Interference and Beats

http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/soundbeat.htm

Difference between two notes is called interval

Frequency and Pitch

Frequency if the measure of how many cycles a wave complete per second.

Frequency (f) is measures in Hertz

Period (T) in the inverse of infrequency is is measured in seconds

Frequency = Cycles/Second Perdiod = Seconds/Cycle

f = 1/T T = 1/f

The perception is frequency is know as pitch.

Intervals

An octave is doubling of the frequency.

ie 440 Hz is an A

the next A after 440 Hz is 880 Hz

In westen music the octave is divided into 12 semi-tones

http://thinkzone.wlonk.com/Music/12Tone.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(music)

http://www.musicalintervalstutor.com/

http://www.keystrokepublishing.com/html/sight_singing_tips.html

Phase

Phase in measured in degrees.

The phase of a sound has to do with the time domain.

Adding two Simple Harmonic waves -Applet

Adding two Simple Harmonic waves2 - Applet

http://library.thinkquest.org/19537/java/Wave.html

Timbre/Harmonic structure

Timbre is a descriptive word used to help describe the 'color' and envelope of a sound.

All sound is made up of simultaneous sounding tones. In the 1700 Joseph Fourier a French mathematical physicist proved that all sound can be synthesized be adding sine waves. The way these sine waves are added together make things sound different.

http://www.gac.edu/~huber/fourier/

Different sound don't sound the same due to different fundamental frequencies, harmonics, complexity, and envelope.

Timbre is made up of Harmonics and Envelope. The Harmonics define the different frequencies present in a a sound and the envelope defines the amplitude through time.

Harmonic Structure

http://www.rane.com/par-t.htm Harmonics defined @ rane

Understanding Harmonics Fundamental Frequency and Harmonics Instruments

   * Guitar string
   * Open-End Air Columns
   * Closed-End Air Columns

Natural harmonics are multiple of the fundamental/

Understanding Harmonics @ Harmony Central

http://ptolemy.eecs.berkeley.edu/~eal/eecs20/berkeley/scale/demo/timbre.html

http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/linguistics/russell/138/sec4/source.htm

http://library.thinkquest.org/19537/cgi-bin/showharm.cgi

Envelope

Envelope is the Time/Amplitude shape of the wave. It is essentially a means of amplitude thought time.

Robert L Mott's Nine Components of Sound

Attack -- Decay-- Sustain -- Release

Different Domains of sound

Time Domain

Time along X axis and Amplitude Y axis -Fixed 2/29/00

Sine wave looks like a sine wave

Frequency Domain

Freq. along X axis and Amplitude Along Y axis-Fixed 2/29/00

Sine wave looks like a line

Home Work

Sound for Interaction Sound Environment

Quiz 1 review

Properties of sound High school physics tutorial

   * Sound Is a Longitudinal wave
   * Speed of sound (measured in m/s)
   * Frequency (measured in Hz)
   * Period (seconds per cycle)
   * Wavelength (measured in meters)
   * Amplitude/Pressure (for this class we will only look at dBs)
   * Phase (measured in degrees)

Understand the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves.

Be able to calculate frequency from wavelength or period and visa-versa.

Understand

   * dB's
   * Different ways of representing and audio wave (the Domains of Sound)
   * Timbre/Harmonic structure
   * Dynamic Range and Headroom