OOP Class3

esse quam videri
Revision as of 19:43, 21 September 2006 by Jeff (talk | contribs) (Logical Operators)
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Operators

ECMA-334 Operators and punctuators


Assignment

The Assigment operator in c# is the '=' sign. You can assign variables like this...

<csharp>int myVar; //declare varible of type int called myVar myVar = 15; //assign myVar the value of 15 using the '=' sign</csharp>

Comparison Operators

Operator Description
== Equality
< Less Than
<= Less than or equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to
!= Ineqaulity

Logical Operators

Operator Description
&& Logical AND
II Logical OR (note the II are really pipes)
! Logical NOT

Boolean Expressions

Logical operators usually work on bollean expressions. Boolean expressions are is a statment that evaluates to true of false

(1 < 2)
or
(y == x)

Boolean expressions are often grouped with logical operator to combine comparisons

(x > 0) && (x <100) //x is greater than 0 and less than 100
(x < 0) || (x >100) //x is less than zero or x is greater than 100

Logical operator Precedence

  1.  ! (NOT)
  2. && (AND)
  3. || (OR)

Branching

evil goto - I won't show it figure it out on your own...

  • if
  • switch

Looping

  • for
  • while
  • do... while
  • foreach

Branching Statements

if

syntax

<csharp>if (expression)

   // statement
   

if (expression) {

   // statements
   // statements

} if (expression) {

   // statements
   // statements

} else {

   // statements

}</csharp>


About braces and indenting. I usually use BSD/Allman Style.
Jargon File
indent style n.
The One True Brace Style

  Console Input
  There are several ways to get data into your program. One of the simplest is to have someone type it into the console.
  The frame work supports Console.ReadLine() this method reads on line from the input of the console.
EchoOnce.cs
Another popular way to get data into your program is to send it in as an argument when the program is run.
HelloName.cs
HelloNameSafe.cs

if example IfSelection.cs - source

The following code uses a bunch of operator and if staments to do some basic sanity checks. Analye it and try to predict the output
sanityCheck.cs - source

switch

syntax

switch (expression)

{
   case constant-expression:
           statement
           jump-statement
   [default: statement]
}

example 1

<csharp>// switch with integer type switch (myInt) {

   case 1:
           Console.WriteLine("Your number is {0}.", myInt);
           break;
   case 2:
           Console.WriteLine("Your number is {0}.", myInt);
           break;
   case 3:
           Console.WriteLine("Your number is {0}.", myInt);
           break;
   default:
           Console.WriteLine("Your number {0} is not between 1 and 3.", myInt);
           break;

}</csharp>

Switch1to3.cs
Switch1to3WithTryAndCatch.cs

fall though and goto case

<csharp>// fall though and goto case switch (myChoice) {

   case "NewLeft":
           Console.WriteLine("Newleft is voting Democratic.");
           goto case "Democrat";
   case "Democrat":
           Console.WriteLine("You voted Democratic.");
           break;
   case "CompassionateRepublican":
   case "Republican":
           Console.WriteLine("You voted Republican.");
           break;
   default:
           Console.WriteLine("Please vote....");
           break;

}</csharp>

SwitchPolitics.cs

Looping Statements

for

syntax

    for ([initializers]; [expression]; [iterators]) statement
    

<csharp>for (int i=0; i < 10; i++) {

   forOneResult += "For Loop " + i + "
";

}</csharp>

Produces

For Loop 0
For Loop 1
For Loop 2
For Loop 3
For Loop 4
For Loop 5
For Loop 6
For Loop 7
For Loop 8
For Loop 9

<csharp>for (int i=0; i < 20; i++) {

   if (i == 10)
           break;
   if (i % 2 == 0)
           continue;
   forTwoResult += "For Loop " + i + "
";

}</csharp>

Produces

For Loop 1
For Loop 3
For Loop 5
For Loop 7
For Loop 9

For loops can also be good to dynamically add or alter the contents or web controls. For example If I wanted a web control to have 100 items in it like this . I could use a for loop to add them here's an example

/infod/jeff/classSource/class3/DynamicAddDropdown.aspx - source

while

while syntax

  while (expression) statement

<csharp>string whileLoopResult = ""; int MyInt = 0;

while (MyInt < 10) {

   Whileloopresult +="While Loop " + MyInt + "\n";
   MyInt++;

}</csharp>

produces

While Loop 0
While Loop 1
While Loop 2
While Loop 3
While Loop 4
While Loop 5
While Loop 6
While Loop 7
While Loop 8
While Loop 9

do

do... while syntax

   do statement while (boolean-expression);
   

<csharp>string doLoopResult = ""; int myIntDo = 0;

do {

   doLoopResult +="do Loop " + myIntDo + "
"; myIntDo++;

} while (myIntDo < 10);</csharp>

produces

do Loop 0
do Loop 1
do Loop 2
do Loop 3
do Loop 4
do Loop 5
do Loop 6
do Loop 7
do Loop 8
do Loop 9


<csharp>string doLoopResult2 = ""; int myIntDo2 = 30;

do {

       doLoopResult2 +="do Loop " + myInt + "
"; myIntDo2++;

} while (myIntDo2 < 10);</csharp>

produces do Loop 30

for each

A for ewach loop requires and iterator.. more on this iterator thing later...

<csharp>string[] names = {"Cheryl", "Joe", "Matt", "Robert"}; foreach (string person in names) {

   Console.Write (" " + person);

}</csharp>

produces
Cheryl Joe Matt Robert

ForEachLoop.cs - source

The for each loop is a key component in polymorphism Remeber the age selector example what if we want to select more than one age. It would be simple to change the dropdownlist into a listboc and turn SelectionMode ="Multiple" so the user can select multiple items but how do check to see if every Item is selected. Is to have each item check itself and use a for each loop. /infod/jeff/classSource/class3/DynamicAddListBoxPoly.aspx - source


Try and Catch

<csharp>try { //some crazy code that may cause errors } catch (Exception e) {

   string FstrError = e.ToString();

}</csharp>


Asp.Net Example /infod/jeff/classSource/class3/tryAndCatch.aspx - Console Example

<csharp>using System; namespace HelloClass {

   class HelloWorld
   {
       public static void Main()
       {
           object o2 = null;
           try
           {
               int i2 = (int) o2;   // Error
           }
           catch (Exception e)
           {
               //put Exceptioninto string strError
               string strError = e.ToString();
               //write error to label lblOutput
               Console.WriteLine(strError);
           }
       }
   }

}</csharp>

C:\User\csharp>csc try.cs
Microsoft (R) Visual C# .NET Compiler version 7.10.3052.4
for Microsoft (R) .NET Framework version 1.1.4322
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation 2001-2002. All rights reserved.


C:\User\csharp>try.exe
System.NullReferenceException: Object reference not set to an instance of an obj
ect.
   at HelloClass.HelloWorld.Main()

C:\User\csharp>

/infod/jeff/classSource/class2/try.cs - source

Functions/Methods

Function help with code reuse. If your going to use it more than once make it into a funtions. syntax simple

[access-modifier] return type indentifier ( [parateters] ) {

   //some code

}

access-modifiers
public
private
protected
internal
protected internal
more on these next week.

Defining

<csharp>string Hello () {

   return "Hello ";

}

string HelloToName (string Name) {

   return "Hello " + Name;

}</csharp>

Calling a finction in c#

<csharp>string firstHello, jeffHello; //declare some strings firstHello = Hello(); //call the function Hello jeffHello = HelloToName("Jeff"); //call the function HelloToName </csharp>

Console Example /infod/jeff/classSource/class3/function.cs - source

C:\User\csharp>csc function.cs
Microsoft (R) Visual C# .NET Compiler version 7.10.3052.4
for Microsoft (R) .NET Framework version 1.1.4322
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation 2001-2002. All rights reserved.


C:\User\csharp>function.cs

C:\User\csharp>function.exe
Hello World!
Hello
Hello Jeff
Hello Marge

C:\User\csharp>

function.cs

Passing variable into a function/method passes be instance. Variables passed by instance do not actually pass in the original variable rather a copy or new instance of the variable is passed. It you want to pass in the actual variable you need to pass be referance Examples of passesing by instamce and passing by refecnce... /infod/jeff/classSource/class3/instanceReference.aspx - Source

Out Parameters

Functions can only return a single value. Out parametrs allow functions to return more than one value. They don't really retun multiple values it's more like passing varibles thought the function by refernce

<csharp>using System; public class Test { public static void Main() { Test t=new Test(); t.Run(); } public void Run() { Test t=new Test(); int Hour = 0; t.GetTime(out Hour); Console.WriteLine (Hour); } public void GetTime ( out int h ) { h = 10; } }</csharp>

produces

10

Variables

Scope

scope defines the life of a variable. Local Variables

Variables declared with functions/methods are only around as long as the function/method is running. These variables are known as local varables

Global Variables

Global variables are variables that are around for the entire length of execution. They are declared a public within the programs base class.
In c# since everything must be contianed in a class global variables do not really exist.

Block Level Variables

Block level variables exitist with the code block.
A code block is contained by { }.

Scope.cs


Home work

5pts

  • Create a console Game of Chance
    • A coinflipper
    • A dice roller
    • Guess My Number

The game should contain some level of randomness. It should also demonstrate operators and branching statements. It would sure be nice if the game had some level input from the user.


Here is an exmaple coin flipper worth 2-3 pts CoinFilpperSimple.cs

This game filps a whole bunch of coins two and compares the results. If the two coins are the same then you are a winner and it displays true. If they are differnt then you loose and if displays false. This program was created to test the old question 'If you flip a coins 99 times and get 99 head what are the odds of the 100th flip turning up heads?'

It shows some stange properies of randomness.

CoinFilpperFunner.cs

Quiz 1 next week over weeks 1-3 and Chapter 1-7 in Learning c#