Difference between revisions of "MTD2 class 8"

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==In Class==
 
==In Class==
  
−
* Audio Effects Presentations
 
−
* Intro to digital theory
 
 
* Rendering in Premiere  
 
* Rendering in Premiere  
  
−
==Digital Theory==
+
{{Template:Digital Theory}}
  
−
Word of the Day
 
−
Analog
 
−
How stuff works - How Analog and Digital Recording Works
 
  
−
Analog vs. Digital the arguments in a nutshell
+
{{Template:Binary Numbers}}
−
{|
 
−
| Analog || Digital Good
 
−
|-
 
−
| Infinite dynamic quantization (infinite resolution)  || Quantization error fix - more bit depth/oversampling
 
−
|-
 
−
| Good? - The warming effects 'we're used' to from tape compression. ||Good?-'Perfect' reproduction of high frequencies - 'soundz harsh fix - 'using warm-sounding mikes and preamps (tubes)'
 
−
|-
 
−
|Bad - Tape noise and generation loss || Good - 'no generation loss'
 
−
|-
 
−
|Bad - 'Cheap recordings sound cheap' || Good - 'cheap recordings sound good but digital'
 
−
|}
 
−
* 'anything in quotes is what I like to call an opinion
 
  
−
+
{{Template:Color Depth}}
−
Other Opinions
 
  
−
analog winner http://www.segall.com/atr.html
+
{{Template:Binary Math}}
  
−
analog winner http://www.digido.com/analog_versus_digital.html
+
==Premiere Audio Demo==
−
 
+
[[Premiere Audio Demo]]
−
comparison http://www.outersound.com/osu/recording/
 
−
 
 
−
ana-dig.html
 
−
Number Systems
 
−
{|
 
−
|Hexadecimal Base 16 ||Decimal Base 10 || Octal Base 8 || Binary Base 2
 
−
|-
 
−
|0 || 0 || 0 || 0000
 
−
|-
 
−
|1 || 1 || 1 || 0001
 
−
|-
 
−
|2 || 2 || 2 || 0010
 
−
|-
 
−
|3 || 3 || 3 || 0011
 
−
|-
 
−
|4 || 4 || 4 || 0100
 
−
|-
 
−
|5 || 5 || 5 || 0101
 
−
|-
 
−
|6 || 6 || 6 || 0110
 
−
|-
 
−
|7 || 7 || 7 || 0111
 
−
|-
 
−
|8 || 8 || 10 || 1000
 
−
|-
 
−
|9 || 9 || 11 || 1001
 
−
|-
 
−
|A || 10 || 12 || 1010
 
−
|-
 
−
|B || 11 || 13 || 1011
 
−
|-
 
−
|C || 12 || 14 || 1100
 
−
|-
 
−
|D || 13 || 15 || 1101
 
−
|-
 
−
|E || 14 || 16 || 1110
 
−
|-
 
−
|F || 15 || 17 || 1111
 
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
==Binary Numbers==
 
−
 
 
−
As Humans we use a 10 base numbering system. For machines this numbering system is impractical.
 
−
 
 
−
Gottfried Willheml von Leibnitz devised the binary number system in 1679
 
−
 
 
−
Converting Binary Numbers
 
−
 
 
−
Binary->Decimal
 
−
    11010<sub>2</sub> = (1 * 2<sub>4</sub>) + (1 * 2<sub>3</sub>) + (0 * 2<sub>2</sub>) + (1 * 2<sub>1</sub>) + (0 * 2<sub>0</sub>) = 16<sub>10</sub> + 8<sub>10</sub> +  0 + 2<sub>10</sub> + 0 = 26<sub>10</sub>
 
−
 
 
−
Dividing by two
 
−
{|
 
−
|integer || remainder || binary #
 
−
|-        
 
−
|26 ||  ||            
 
−
|-
 
−
|26/2 || 0 || 0
 
−
|-
 
−
|13/2 || 1 ||         1 0
 
−
|-
 
−
|6/2 || 0 ||       0 1 0
 
−
|-
 
−
|3/2 || 1 ||     1 0 1 0
 
−
|-
 
−
|1/2 || 1 ||   1 1 0 1 0
 
−
|-
 
−
|0/2 || || that's it kids
 
−
|}          
 
−
 
 
−
for more info see Dr. Dave's Class readings (i believe it's in week 2)Daves text
 
−
 
 
−
Base2
 
−
 
 
−
Each new bit doubles the number of intervals.
 
−
{|
 
−
| 2<sup>0</sup>  || =1
 
−
|-
 
−
|2<sup>1</sup> || =2
 
−
|-
 
−
| 2<sup>2</sup> || =4
 
−
|-
 
−
| 2<sup>3</sup> || =8
 
−
|-
 
−
|2<sup>4</sup>  || =16
 
−
|-
 
−
|2<sup>5</sup> || =32
 
−
|-
 
−
|2<sup>6</sup> || =64
 
−
|-
 
−
|2<sup>7</sup> || =128
 
−
|-
 
−
|2<sup>8</sup> || =256
 
−
|-
 
−
|2<sup>9</sup> || =512
 
−
|-
 
−
|2<sup>10</sup> || =1024
 
−
|-
 
−
|2 <sup>11</sup>|| =2048
 
−
|-
 
−
|2<sup>12</sup> || =4096
 
−
|-
 
−
|2<sup>13</sup> || =8192
 
−
|-
 
−
|2<sup>14</sup> || =16384
 
−
|-
 
−
|2<sup>15</sup> || =32768
 
−
|-
 
−
|2<sup>16</sup> || =65536
 
−
|-
 
−
|2<sup>20</sup> || =1048576
 
−
|-
 
−
|2<sup>24</sup> || =16777216
 
−
|-
 
−
|2<sup>32</sup> || = 4,294,967,295
 
−
|-
 
−
|2<sup>64</sup> || = 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 = 16 exabytes. That's more than 18 billion billion bytes.
 
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
{|
 
−
|Name || Abbr. || Size
 
−
|Kilo || K || 2^10 = 1,024
 
−
|-
 
−
|Mega || M || 2^20 = 1,048,576
 
−
|-
 
−
|Giga ||G  || 2^30 = 1,073,741,824
 
−
|-
 
−
| Tera || T || 2^40 = 1,099,511,627,776
 
−
|-
 
−
| Peta || P || 2^50 = 1,125,899,906,842,624
 
−
|-
 
−
| Exa || E ||2^60 = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976
 
−
|-
 
−
| Zetta || Z || 2^70 = 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424
 
−
|-
 
−
| Yotta || Y || 2^80 = 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176
 
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
==Binary Math==
 
−
 
 
−
Binary Math
 
−
http://www.ibiblio.org/obp/electricCircuits/Digital/DIGI_2.html
 
−
What can one byte (8 bits) store?
 
−
2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0
 
−
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 
−
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
 
−
128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1 = 255
 
−
 
 
−
What about negative numbers?
 
−
Signed Magnitude
 
−
 
 
−
Use the first bit as the equivalent of a +/- sign.
 
−
 
 
−
http://www.math.grin.edu/~rebelsky/Courses/152/97F/Readings/student-binary.html 510 in 8 bit binary
 
−
00000101
 
−
 
 
−
-510 in 8 bit binary Signed Magnitude
 
−
10000101
 
−
(make sure that the circuit knows you are using singed magnitude otherwise this could be interpreted as 113)
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
Now what can one byte (8 bits) store?
 
−
+/- 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0
 
−
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 
−
+ 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
 
−
64+32+16+8+4+2+1 = 127
 
−
or
 
−
+/- 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0
 
−
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 
−
- 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
 
−
-64+32+16+8+4+2+1 = -127
 
−
 
 
−
===One's Compliment===
 
−
 
 
−
One's Compliment uses regular binary numbers to represent positive numbers. To make that number negative you just flip all the bits from 1 to 0 or 0 to 1.
 
−
510 in 8 bit binary
 
−
00000101
 
−
 
 
−
-510 in 8 bit binary One's Compliment
 
−
11111010
 
  
−
===Two's Compliment===
+
examples of style in animation
 +
#cut out animation [http://www.vimeo.com/clip:52370]
 +
#Monty Python's Flying Circus [http://www.noolmusic.com/blogs/Youtube_Comedy_Video_-_Monty_Python_-_Charles_Atlas_animation.shtml]
  
−
Same as One's Compliment bit add one to negative numbers
+
==Flash Tracing Demo==
−
510 in 8 bit binary
+
How to trace still images in flash
−
00000101
 
  
−
-510 in 8 bit binary Two's Compliment
+
[[Tracing in Flash]]
−
11111011
 
−
 
 
−
To figure out the sign of the answer we must check the MSB (most significant bit).If MSB is 0 number is positive, interpret normally If MSB is 1 number is negative
 
−
 
 
−
    * complement all bits
 
−
    * add 1
 
−
    * interpret as negative number
 
−
 
 
−
==Sampling theory==
 
−
 
 
−
sampling process
 
−
 
 
−
Bit Depth
 
−
 
 
−
 
−
over 24 bit used mainly for internal processing and really high end audio equipment
 
−
24 bit Professional recording and internal processing
 
−
16 bit CD quality audio (not so good for processing)
 
−
8 bit Smaller size used for consumer voice stuff and multimedia
 
−
 
 
−
==Sampling Rates==
 
−
Some Common Sampling Rates
 
−
{|-
 
−
|192kHz
 
−
|Professional recording and new fancy sound cards
 
−
|-
 
−
|96kHz
 
−
|Professional recording (New CD/DVD format)
 
−
|-
 
−
|48 kHz
 
−
|Professional recording (found mainly on DAT recorders used for film)
 
−
|-
 
−
|44.1 kHz
 
−
|CD quality Audio
 
−
|-
 
−
|22 kHz
 
−
|Multimedia/ Games
 
−
|-
 
−
|11 kHz
 
−
|Multimedia/ Games
 
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
'''File Size per Sampling rate and Bit Depth'''
 
−
<table>
 
−
<tr><td>Sample Rate</td><td> Bit Width</td><td>File Size per minute</td>
 
−
</tr><tr><td>96 kHz</td><td> 24-bit Stereo</td><td> 33.0 MB</td>
 
−
</tr><tr><td>44.1 kHz</td><td> 16-bit Stereo</td><td> 10.5 MB</td>
 
−
</tr><tr><td>44.1 kHz</td><td> 16-bit Mono</td><td> 5.3 MB</td>
 
−
</tr><tr><td>44.1 kHz</td><td> 8-bit Stereo</td><td> 5.3 MB</td>
 
−
</tr><tr><td>44.1 kHz</td><td> 8-bit Mono</td><td> 2.6 MB</td>
 
−
</tr><tr><td>22 kHz</td><td> 16-bit Stereo</td><td> 5.3 MB</td>
 
−
</tr><tr><td>22 kHz</td><td> 16-bit Mono</td><td> 2.6 MB</td>
 
−
</tr><tr><td>22 kHz</td><td> 8-bit Stereo</td><td> 2.6 MB</td>
 
−
</tr><tr><td>22 kHz</td><td> 8-bit Mono</td><td> 1.3 MB</td>
 
−
</tr><tr><td>11 kHz</td><td> 16-bit Stereo</td><td> 2.6 MB</td>
 
−
</tr><tr><td>11 kHz</td><td> 16-bit Mono</td><td> 1.3 MB</td>
 
−
</tr><tr><td>11 kHz</td><td> 8-bit Stereo</td><td> 1.3 MB</td>
 
−
</tr><tr><td>11 kHz</td><td> 8-bit Mono</td><td> 660 KB</td>
 
−
</tr></table>
 
−
 
 
−
  Note : Dropping the Sampling Rate or Bit Depth by half leads to half the file size
 
−
 
 
−
'''File formats'''
 
−
{|-
 
−
|name ||ext.|| info
 
−
|-
 
−
|aiff ||.aif ||audio interchange file format (mac native) supports markers and regions
 
−
|-
 
−
|sd2 || .sd2|| sound designer 2 (digidesign native) supports markers and regions
 
−
|-
 
−
|wave || .wav  || wave file (Microsoft) many different formats most support markerz and regions
 
−
|-
 
−
|au-law  || .au or .aul || au-law file (unix native) supports compression
 
−
|-
 
−
|RAM || .ram or .ra || Real audio File supports compression and streaming
 
−
|-
 
−
|Mpeg3 || .mp3 || Mpeg layer 3 supports variable compression and streaming (AMP)
 
−
|-
 
−
|AAC || .aac || Mpeg2 Advanced Audio Coding AC-3 standard NEW not supported yet http://www.execpc.com/%7Ereal/aac/index.html
 
−
|-
 
−
|MIDI || .mid || not and audio format
 
−
|-
 
−
|Modular (MOD) || .mod || kinda an audio format (used mainly for games)
 
−
|-
 
−
|ASF wmv || .asf .wmv || windows Media and Advanced Streaming Format Microsoft supports variable compression streaming video encryption
 
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
'''CD Formats'''
 
−
* RedBook Audio standard CD audio format
 
−
* CDROM-XA (eXtended Archetecture) audio and data
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
==Premiere Audio Demo==
 
−
[[Premiere Audio Demo]]
 
  
  

Latest revision as of 20:48, 25 October 2007

In Class

  • Rendering in Premiere

Digital Theory

Word of the Day Analog How stuff works - How Analog and Digital Recording Works

Analog vs. Digital the arguments in a nutshell

Analog Digital Good
Infinite dynamic quantization (infinite resolution) Quantization error fix - more bit depth/oversampling
Good? - The warming effects 'we're used' to from tape compression. Good?-'Perfect' reproduction of high frequencies - 'soundz harsh fix - 'using warm-sounding mikes and preamps (tubes)'
Bad - Tape noise and generation loss Good - 'no generation loss'
Bad - 'Cheap recordings sound cheap' Good - 'cheap recordings sound good but digital'

* 'anything in quotes is what I like to call an opinion


Other Opinions

analog winner http://www.segall.com/atr.html

analog winner http://www.digido.com/analog_versus_digital.html

comparison http://www.outersound.com/osu/recording/

ana-dig.html Number Systems

Hexadecimal Base 16 Decimal Base 10 Octal Base 8 Binary Base 2
0 0 0 0000
1 1 1 0001
2 2 2 0010
3 3 3 0011
4 4 4 0100
5 5 5 0101
6 6 6 0110
7 7 7 0111
8 8 10 1000
9 9 11 1001
A 10 12 1010
B 11 13 1011
C 12 14 1100
D 13 15 1101
E 14 16 1110
F 15 17 1111

Binary Numbers

As Humans we use a 10 base numbering system. For machines this numbering system is impractical.

Gottfried Willheml von Leibnitz devised the binary number system in 1679

Converting Binary Numbers

Binary->Decimal 

   110102 = (1 * 24) + (1 * 23) + (0 * 22) + (1 * 21) + (0 * 20) = 1610 + 810 +  0 + 210 + 0 = 2610

Dividing by two

integer remainder binary #
26
26/2 0 0
13/2 1 1 0
6/2 0 0 1 0
3/2 1 1 0 1 0
1/2 1 1 1 0 1 0
0/2 that's it kids

for more info see Dr. Dave's Class readings (i believe it's in week 2)Daves text

Base2


Each new bit doubles the number of intervals.


20 =1 monochrome, often black and white
21 =2
22 =4
23 =8 Most early color Unix workstations, VGA at low resolution, Super VGA, AGA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_colors#Web-safe_colors
24 =16
25 =32
26 =64
27 =128
28 =256
29 =512
210 =1024
2 11 =2048
212 =4096
213 =8192
214 =16384
215 =32768
216 =65536 "thousands of colors" on Macintosh
220 =1048576
224 =16777216 Truecolor or "millions of colors" on Macintosh systems
232 = 4,294,967,295 refers to 24-bit color (Truecolor) with an additional 8 bits
264 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 = 16 exabytes. That's more than 18 billion billion bytes.

Large Bit Names

Name Abbr. Size
Kilo K 2^10 = 1,024
Mega M 2^20 = 1,048,576
Giga G 2^30 = 1,073,741,824
Tera T 2^40 = 1,099,511,627,776
Peta P 2^50 = 1,125,899,906,842,624
Exa E 2^60 = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976
Zetta Z 2^70 = 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424
Yotta Y 2^80 = 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176


Color Depth

1 Bit
2 Bit
4 Bit
8 Bit
16 Bit
32 Bit


Bit Depth Color Examples

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_depth

Premiere Audio Demo

Premiere Audio Demo

examples of style in animation

  1. cut out animation [1]
  2. Monty Python's Flying Circus [2]

Flash Tracing Demo

How to trace still images in flash

Tracing in Flash


Homework

  1. Read Chapter 3 in Sound Design for Interactive Media
  2. Render and Post and link a rought cut of your Story Boards with Audio
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