MTD2 class 3
Contents
Review Properties 1
There is a good reading and a bunch of supplemental readings in the High School Physics Tutorial
- Which wave (Wave1 or Wave2) has a Lower Frequency?
- Which wave (Wave1 or Wave2) has a Higher Amplitude?
- Which wave (Wave1 or Wave2) has a Longer Wavelength?
- Which wave (Wave1 or Wave2) has a Faster Speed?
- Which wave (Wave1 or Wave2) has a Higher Pitch?
- Which wave (Wave1 or Wave2) is Louder?
The Ear and Hearing Loss
Outer Ear
- Pinna
- Auditory Canal
- Ear Drum
Inner Ear
- Mallus, Incus, Stapes
- Semi-Circular Canals
- Cochlea
- Estachian Tube
- Auditory Canal
Hearing Loss
Perception of Amplitude and Frequency
Humans do not hear all frequencies equally. We perceive different frequencies with equal energy to have different amplitudes. The Fletcher Munson Curves show the phons scale, how amplitude is perceived by frequency
Fletcher Munson Curves 1 http://arts.ucsc.edu/EMS/Music/tech_background/TE-02/AcNumbers/AcNumbers.html
Fletcher Munson Curves 2 http://www.allchurchsound.com/ACS/edart/fmelc.html
Fletcher Munson Curves 3 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/sound/eqloud.html
Behaviour of sound waves
- Interference and Beats
http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/soundbeat.htm
- The Doppler Effect and Shock Waves
- Boundary Behavior
- Reflection, Refraction, and Diffraction
Timbre/Harmonic structure
Timbre is a descriptive word used to help describe the 'color' and envelope of a sound.
All sound is made up of simultaneous sounding tones. In the 1700 Joseph Fourier a French mathematical physicist proved that all sound can be synthesized be adding sine waves. The way these sine waves are added together make things sound different.
http://www.gac.edu/~huber/fourier/
Different sound don't sound the same due to different fundamental frequencies, harmonics, complexity, and envelope.
Timbre is made up of Harmonics and Envelope. The Harmonics define the different frequencies present in a a sound and the envelope defines the amplitude through time.
Harmonic Structure
http://www.rane.com/par-t.htm Harmonics defined @ rane
Understanding Harmonics Fundamental Frequency and Harmonics
Instruments
* Guitar string * Open-End Air Columns * Closed-End Air Columns
Natural harmonics are multiple of the fundamental/
Understanding Harmonics @ Harmony Central
http://ptolemy.eecs.berkeley.edu/~eal/eecs20/berkeley/scale/demo/timbre.html
http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/linguistics/russell/138/sec4/source.htm
http://library.thinkquest.org/19537/cgi-bin/showharm.cgi
Envelope
Envelope is the Time/Amplitude shape of the wave. It is essentially a means of amplitude thought time.
Robert L Mott's Nine Components of Sound
Attack -- Decay-- Sustain -- Release
Different Domains of sound
Time Domain
Time along X axis and Amplitude Y axis -Fixed 2/29/00
Sine wave looks like a sine wave
Frequency Domain
Freq. along X axis and Amplitude Along Y axis-Fixed 2/29/00
Sine wave looks like a line
RMS
root mean square Abbr. rms, RMS Mathematics. The square root of the average of the squares of a group of numbers. A useful and more meaningful way of averaging a group of numbers.
from http://www.rane.com/par-r.html
The RMS averaging method is a better method for determining the amplitude of sound. Dynamic Range Definition @http://www.rane.com/par-d.html
The dynamic range of an audio system or and audio performance is the difference between the peak noise level and the noise floor.
Dynamic Range
Dynamic range = (Peak Level - Noise Floor)
Head Room
Definition @http://www.rane.com/par-h.html
The head room of an audio system is is the difference between the nominal level and the Peak level (or clipping point) Frequency Response Definition @http://www.rane.com/par-f.html
The range in frequency that an audio system or program contains or can pass between certain deviation.
Home Work
- Study for Quiz on weeks 1,2, and 3 and Chapter 1 in Sound Design for Interactive Multimedia
- Sound Sculpture or Audio Environment
- Review for Quiz1 Next Week
Quiz 1 review
Properties of sound High school physics tutorial
* Sound Is a Longitudinal wave * Speed of sound (measured in m/s) * Frequency (measured in Hz) * Period (seconds per cycle) * Wavelength (measured in meters) * Amplitude/Pressure (for this class we will only look at dBs) * Phase (measured in degrees)
Understand the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves.
Be able to calculate frequency from wavelength or period and visa-versa.
Understand
* dB's * Different ways of representing and audio wave (the Domains of Sound) * Timbre/Harmonic structure * Dynamic Range and Headroom